<Characters and character states used in this study>

Category

Character

Character States

Distribution

 

 

Distribution

Gangwon/ Seoul, Gyeonggi/ Chungbuk/ Chungnam/ Gyeongbuk/ Gyeongnam/ Jeonbuk/ Jeonnam/ Jeju

Stem

 

 

Growth habit

clumped/ scattered

Rhizome length

short/ long

 

Basal-sheath color

light brown/ dark brown to reddish brown

Leaf

 

 

 

Leaf length

shorter than the stem/ similar to the stem/ longer than the stem

 

Hairs on leaves

hairy or pubescent/ glabrous

Inflorescence

Number of spikes

one/ two or more

Shape difference among spikes

all same/ different

Spike sexual system

all unisexual spikes/ at least one bisexual

Number of spikes per node

one/ two or more

Spike sexuality
(applicable to subg. Vignea only)

staminate/ pistillate/ androgynous/ gynecandrous

Spikes arrangement

loosely flowered/ densely flowered

Terminal spike sexuality

staminate/ gynecandrous/ androgynous

Lateral spike sexuality

pistillate/ gynecandrous/ androgynous

 

Lateral spikes direction

erect to ascend/ drooping

Lowest bract

Lowest bract shape

scale-like/ setaceous/ leaf-like

Lowest bract length

shorter than the entire inflorescence/ longer than the entire inflorescence

Lowest bract sheath

absent/ present

Glume

Staminate glume awn length

absent/ short/ long

Pistillate glume awn length

absent/ short/ long

Pistillate glume color

whitish green to light brown/ dark brown to blackish brown

Perigynium

Perigynium beak length

short/ long

Perigynium beak contraction

abruptly narrowed/ gradually narrowed

Wings on perigynium

absent/ narrow-winged/ broad-winged

Perigynium shape in transverse section

lenticular to biconvex/ trigonous to terete

Perigynium shape

obovate/ suborbicular/ elliptical to narrow elliptical/ ovate-lanceolate

Perigynium (or spikelet) arrangement

loosely flowered/ densely flowered

Hairs on perigynium

hairy or pubescent/ glabrous

Tubercles on perigynium

absent/ present

Perigynium beak mouth shape

truncate/ bidentate to bifid

Achene

Achene appendage

absent/ present

Achene constriction

absent/ present

Achene enclosure type

tightly enveloped/ loosely enveloped

 

Stigma branching

two/ three

Quantitative characters

Stem length (cm)

#

Leaf width (cm)

#

Entire inflorescence length (cm)
(applicable to subg. Vignea only)

#

Terminal spike length (cm)

#

Lateral spike length (cm)

#

 

Perigynium length (mm)

#

Classification

 

 

Subgenus

Platyphyllae/ Euthyceras/ Vignea/ Carex

Section/infra-subgeneric clade

Annectens Clade/ Arenaria Clade/ Augustinowiczii Clade/ Conica Clade/ Dissitiflora Clade/ Disticha Clade/ Hirta Clade/ Mira Clade/ Mitrata Clade/ Rara Clade/ Tristachya Clade/ Truncatigluma Clade/ sect. Acrocystis/ sect. Albae/ sect. Cernuae/ sect. Chlorostachyae/ sect. Chordorrhizae/ sect. Clandestinae/ sect. Gibbae/ sect. Glareosae/ sect. Graciles/ sect. Hymenochlaenae/ sect. Inversae/ sect. Limosae/ sect. Longirostrellae/ sect. Macrocephalae/ sect. Molliculae/ sect. Occlusae/ sect. Ornithopodae/ sect. Paludosae/ sect. Paniceae/ sect. Phacocystis/ sect. Phleoideae/ sect. Pictae/ sect. Platyphyllae/ sect. Racemosae/ sect. Rhomboidales/ sect. Stylosellae/ Incertae Sedis/ Taxa not included in Roalson et al. (2021)

# continuous quantitative value

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<Illustrations of major characters and their character states>